What does the term "dynamics" refer to in music?

The term "dynamics" in music specifically refers to the volume of sound produced, indicating how loud or soft the music is performed. It encompasses various levels of intensity that can be used expressively within a piece, allowing musicians to convey emotion and create contrast. Dynamics are not just fixed; they can change throughout a piece, often indicated by specific markings in the sheet music such as "piano" for soft or "forte" for loud, as well as gradual changes like crescendos and decrescendos.

In contrast, other terms mentioned focus on different aspects of music. The speed at which a piece is performed relates to the tempo, not dynamics. The complexity of a musical piece deals with its structure and harmony, which falls under the category of musical form rather than dynamics. The texture of the musical arrangement pertains to how layers of sound are combined, which is separate from the volume of sound.