What is a waulking song traditionally associated with?

A waulking song is traditionally associated with the process of working with wool, particularly in the context of the Scottish Highlands. These songs were sung by groups of women while they engaged in waulking, which is the fulling or finishing of woolen cloth. The rhythmic nature of the song helped to synchronize their movements as they beat the cloth against a board, making the fabric softer and denser. The songs themselves typically feature call-and-response patterns, and their lively rhythms match the physical work being done, creating a communal and joyful atmosphere.

The other options do not accurately reflect the specific context and function of waulking songs. While a ritual dance during festivals may have its own cultural significance, it is not directly related to the song's purpose. Instrumental music played on traditional instruments represents a different musical genre, and modern pop music diverges entirely from the traditional and labor-related roots of waulking songs. Thus, the link between waulking songs and the wool-working process is what makes option B the correct choice.